See dhunë on Wiktionary
{
"antonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nder"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "krenari"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lavdi"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dhunas"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dhunëtar"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dhunëtari"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dhunim"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dhunimi"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"mediopassive"
],
"word": "dhunohem"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"active"
],
"word": "dhunoj"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dhunshëm"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"participle"
],
"word": "dhunuar"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dhunues"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "dhunuese"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "dhuna"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "dhunat"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "përdhunë"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "përdhuna"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*eðunā",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Albanian/eðunā"
],
[
"*h₁ed-ún-eh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁ed-ún-eh₂"
],
[
"*h₁ed-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁ed-"
],
[
"ὀδύνη",
"ὀδύνη#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"երկն",
"երկն#Old_Armenian"
],
[
"idu",
"idu#Old_Irish"
],
[
"dhurë",
"dhurë#Albanian"
],
[
"*edunti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Albanian/edunti"
],
[
"*adunti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Albanian/adunti"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "1555"
},
"expansion": "First attested in 1555",
"name": "etydate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "sqj-pro",
"3": "*eðunā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian *eðunā",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁ed-ún-eh₂",
"4": "",
"5": "pain"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed-ún-eh₂ (“pain”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ὀδύνη",
"3": "",
"4": "pain"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ὀδύνη (odúnē, “pain”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "երկն",
"3": "",
"4": "birth pangs"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian երկն (erkn, “birth pangs”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "idu",
"3": "",
"4": "pains, birth pangs"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish idu (“pains, birth pangs”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "sqj-pro",
"3": "*edunti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian *edunti",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First attested in 1555 by Buzuku as dhunë. From Proto-Albanian *eðunā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed-ún-eh₂ (“pain”), from the root *h₁ed- (“to eat”). Cognate to Ancient Greek ὀδύνη (odúnē, “pain”), Old Armenian երկն (erkn, “birth pangs”), and Old Irish idu (“pains, birth pangs”). The variant dhurë is the normal Tosk reflex. Orel reconstructs Proto-Albanian *edunti or *adunti, but from the same IE root.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "dhuna",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dhuna",
"tags": [
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunat",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sq-noun-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunë",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dhuna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dhuna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunat",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunë",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunën",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dhuna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunat",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dhune",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunës",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunave",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunave",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dhune",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunës",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunash",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunave",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dhurë",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dhuni",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"10": "dhunat",
"11": "",
"12": "{{{f}}}",
"13": "",
"14": "{{{m}}}",
"2": "noun",
"3": "plural",
"4": "dhuna",
"5": "definite",
"6": "dhuna",
"7": "",
"8": "{{{def2}}}",
"9": "definite plural",
"g": "f",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "dhunë f (plural dhuna, definite dhuna, definite plural dhunat)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "dhuna",
"3": "dhuna",
"4": "dhunat"
},
"expansion": "dhunë f (plural dhuna, definite dhuna, definite plural dhunat)",
"name": "sq-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dhunë",
"10": "dhunave",
"11": "dhunës",
"12": "dhunave",
"13": "dhunash",
"2": "dhuna",
"3": "dhuna",
"4": "dhunat",
"5": "dhunë",
"6": "dhuna",
"7": "dhunën",
"8": "dhunat",
"9": "dhune",
"g": "f",
"lp": ""
},
"name": "sq-decl-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"p": "dhuna",
"psh": "dhunash",
"pt": "dhunat",
"pve": "dhunave",
"pvet": "dhunave",
"s": "dhunë",
"sa": "dhuna",
"sacc": "",
"si": "dhune",
"sin": "dhunën",
"sit": "dhunës"
},
"name": "sq-ndecl-table"
}
],
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dhe"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dheu"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"alt": "Gheg dhena",
"word": "dhera"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"alt": "Gheg dhenat",
"word": "dherat"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"active"
],
"word": "përdhos"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"mediopassive"
],
"word": "përdhosem"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "përdhosje"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "përdhosja"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"participle"
],
"word": "përdhosur"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "përdhe"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 26 18 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Albanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 27 33 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 33 33 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"violence, force, coercion, oppression"
],
"id": "en-dhunë-sq-noun-GhYrNJad",
"links": [
[
"violence",
"violence"
],
[
"force",
"force"
],
[
"coercion",
"coercion"
],
[
"oppression",
"oppression"
]
],
"qualifier": "mental; spiritual; mental; spiritual",
"raw_glosses": [
"(physical, mental, spiritual) violence, force, coercion, oppression"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"physical"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "31 27 33 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 33 33 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"humiliation, shaming, dishonor (of a single person or group of people); violation (law)"
],
"id": "en-dhunë-sq-noun-R1v3Jv53",
"links": [
[
"humiliation",
"humiliation"
],
[
"shaming",
"shaming"
],
[
"dishonor",
"dishonor"
],
[
"violation",
"violation"
]
],
"qualifier": "physical or verbal",
"raw_glosses": [
"(physical or verbal) humiliation, shaming, dishonor (of a single person or group of people); violation (law)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "31 27 33 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 33 33 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"damage, injury"
],
"id": "en-dhunë-sq-noun-wmwbuvCT",
"links": [
[
"damage",
"damage"
],
[
"injury",
"injury"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) damage, injury"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"blemish"
],
"id": "en-dhunë-sq-noun-5X945ADi",
"links": [
[
"blemish",
"blemish"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dëm"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "fuqi"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "forcë"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "cenim"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "violencë"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "keqpërdorim"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "përdhunim"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "vrull"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "përdhunë"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "pushtet"
}
],
"word": "dhunë"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nder"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "krenari"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lavdi"
}
],
"categories": [
"Albanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Albanian feminine nouns",
"Albanian lemmas",
"Albanian nouns",
"Albanian terms derived from Proto-Albanian",
"Albanian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Albanian terms inherited from Proto-Albanian",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "dhunas"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dhunëtar"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dhunëtari"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dhunim"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dhunimi"
},
{
"tags": [
"mediopassive"
],
"word": "dhunohem"
},
{
"tags": [
"active"
],
"word": "dhunoj"
},
{
"word": "dhunshëm"
},
{
"tags": [
"participle"
],
"word": "dhunuar"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dhunues"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "dhunuese"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "dhuna"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "dhunat"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "përdhunë"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "përdhuna"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*eðunā",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Albanian/eðunā"
],
[
"*h₁ed-ún-eh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁ed-ún-eh₂"
],
[
"*h₁ed-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁ed-"
],
[
"ὀδύνη",
"ὀδύνη#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"երկն",
"երկն#Old_Armenian"
],
[
"idu",
"idu#Old_Irish"
],
[
"dhurë",
"dhurë#Albanian"
],
[
"*edunti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Albanian/edunti"
],
[
"*adunti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Albanian/adunti"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "1555"
},
"expansion": "First attested in 1555",
"name": "etydate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "sqj-pro",
"3": "*eðunā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian *eðunā",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁ed-ún-eh₂",
"4": "",
"5": "pain"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed-ún-eh₂ (“pain”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ὀδύνη",
"3": "",
"4": "pain"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ὀδύνη (odúnē, “pain”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "երկն",
"3": "",
"4": "birth pangs"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian երկն (erkn, “birth pangs”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "idu",
"3": "",
"4": "pains, birth pangs"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish idu (“pains, birth pangs”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "sqj-pro",
"3": "*edunti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian *edunti",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First attested in 1555 by Buzuku as dhunë. From Proto-Albanian *eðunā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed-ún-eh₂ (“pain”), from the root *h₁ed- (“to eat”). Cognate to Ancient Greek ὀδύνη (odúnē, “pain”), Old Armenian երկն (erkn, “birth pangs”), and Old Irish idu (“pains, birth pangs”). The variant dhurë is the normal Tosk reflex. Orel reconstructs Proto-Albanian *edunti or *adunti, but from the same IE root.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "dhuna",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dhuna",
"tags": [
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunat",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sq-noun-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunë",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dhuna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dhuna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunat",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunë",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunën",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dhuna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunat",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dhune",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunës",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunave",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunave",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dhune",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunës",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunash",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dhunave",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dhurë",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dhuni",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"10": "dhunat",
"11": "",
"12": "{{{f}}}",
"13": "",
"14": "{{{m}}}",
"2": "noun",
"3": "plural",
"4": "dhuna",
"5": "definite",
"6": "dhuna",
"7": "",
"8": "{{{def2}}}",
"9": "definite plural",
"g": "f",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "dhunë f (plural dhuna, definite dhuna, definite plural dhunat)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "dhuna",
"3": "dhuna",
"4": "dhunat"
},
"expansion": "dhunë f (plural dhuna, definite dhuna, definite plural dhunat)",
"name": "sq-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dhunë",
"10": "dhunave",
"11": "dhunës",
"12": "dhunave",
"13": "dhunash",
"2": "dhuna",
"3": "dhuna",
"4": "dhunat",
"5": "dhunë",
"6": "dhuna",
"7": "dhunën",
"8": "dhunat",
"9": "dhune",
"g": "f",
"lp": ""
},
"name": "sq-decl-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"p": "dhuna",
"psh": "dhunash",
"pt": "dhunat",
"pve": "dhunave",
"pvet": "dhunave",
"s": "dhunë",
"sa": "dhuna",
"sacc": "",
"si": "dhune",
"sin": "dhunën",
"sit": "dhunës"
},
"name": "sq-ndecl-table"
}
],
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dhe"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dheu"
},
{
"alt": "Gheg dhena",
"word": "dhera"
},
{
"alt": "Gheg dhenat",
"word": "dherat"
},
{
"tags": [
"active"
],
"word": "përdhos"
},
{
"tags": [
"mediopassive"
],
"word": "përdhosem"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "përdhosje"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "përdhosja"
},
{
"tags": [
"participle"
],
"word": "përdhosur"
},
{
"word": "përdhe"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"violence, force, coercion, oppression"
],
"links": [
[
"violence",
"violence"
],
[
"force",
"force"
],
[
"coercion",
"coercion"
],
[
"oppression",
"oppression"
]
],
"qualifier": "mental; spiritual; mental; spiritual",
"raw_glosses": [
"(physical, mental, spiritual) violence, force, coercion, oppression"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"physical"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"humiliation, shaming, dishonor (of a single person or group of people); violation (law)"
],
"links": [
[
"humiliation",
"humiliation"
],
[
"shaming",
"shaming"
],
[
"dishonor",
"dishonor"
],
[
"violation",
"violation"
]
],
"qualifier": "physical or verbal",
"raw_glosses": [
"(physical or verbal) humiliation, shaming, dishonor (of a single person or group of people); violation (law)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Albanian colloquialisms"
],
"glosses": [
"damage, injury"
],
"links": [
[
"damage",
"damage"
],
[
"injury",
"injury"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) damage, injury"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"blemish"
],
"links": [
[
"blemish",
"blemish"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dëm"
},
{
"word": "fuqi"
},
{
"word": "forcë"
},
{
"word": "cenim"
},
{
"word": "violencë"
},
{
"word": "keqpërdorim"
},
{
"word": "përdhunim"
},
{
"word": "vrull"
},
{
"word": "përdhunë"
},
{
"word": "pushtet"
}
],
"word": "dhunë"
}
Download raw JSONL data for dhunë meaning in All languages combined (7.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-28 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.